These verification cases test the performance of connector behavior options not routinely used in other verification problems. This section focuses on spring or damper behaviors via the *CONNECTOR ELASTICITY and *CONNECTOR DAMPING options. Both CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections are employed in these verification cases.

The behavior options are verified by applying a concentrated load with the *CONNECTOR LOAD option and achieving a resulting relative displacement (for *CONNECTOR ELASTICITY) or velocity (for *CONNECTOR DAMPING) that corresponds to an analytical solution. Equivalent, non-connector elements are included for comparison.

For both the CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections the following *CONNECTOR ELASTICITY cases are tested:

Similarly, for both the CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections the following *CONNECTOR DAMPING cases are tested:

The models consist of a series of independent, 2-node connector elements with relevant connector behaviors.

These verification cases test the connector rigid behavior defined using the *CONNECTOR ELASTICITY, RIGID option. Both CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections are used.

The behavior options are verified by applying a concentrated load via a nodal concentrated load option, such that some force is created in the connector. Equivalent models with intrinsically constrained components of relative motion are created, and the results are compared.

These verification cases test the connector elastic-plastic and rigid-plastic behavior defined using the *CONNECTOR PLASTICITY and *CONNECTOR HARDENING options in association with the *CONNECTOR ELASTICITY and *CONNECTOR POTENTIAL options. An assembled connection using the basic connection types CARTESIAN and CARDAN is used. For the two-dimensional analyses, a CARTESIAN connection is used.

The behavior options are verified by applying a concentrated load with the *CONNECTOR LOAD option and achieving a resulting relative motion or relative plastic motion that corresponds to an analytical solution.

These verification cases test the connector elastic (linear and nonlinear) and rigid-plastic behavior with damage defined using the *CONNECTOR DAMAGE INITIATION and *CONNECTOR DAMAGE EVOLUTION options in association with the *CONNECTOR ELASTICITY, *CONNECTOR PLASTICITY, and *CONNECTOR HARDENING options. An assembled connection using the basic connection types CARTESIAN and CARDAN is used for all cases except one case where the assembled connection type BUSHING is used. For the two-dimensional analyses, a CARTESIAN connection is used.

This section focuses on stopping and locking behaviors defined with the *CONNECTOR STOP and *CONNECTOR LOCK options. Both CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections are used.

The behavior options are verified through a two-step load history. In Step 1 a concentrated load is applied with the *CONNECTOR LOAD option, such that the resulting connector motion will exceed the prescribed motion limits for either the connector stop or lock. In Step 2 the load direction is reversed to confirm the stopping or locking behavior. Equivalent, nonconnector elements are included for comparison. In the ABAQUS/Standard tests a linear perturbation *STATIC analysis is performed in the third step.

For CARTESIAN connections the following *CONNECTOR LOCK cases are tested:

For CARDAN connections, the following *CONNECTOR LOCK cases are tested:

For CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections, the following *CONNECTOR STOP cases are tested:

The models consist of a series of independent, 2-node connector elements with relevant connector behaviors.

This section focuses on failure behavior using the *CONNECTOR FAILURE option. Both CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections are employed in these verification cases.

The behavior option is verified by applying a concentrated load (with the *CONNECTOR LOAD option) or displacement (with the *CONNECTOR MOTION option) such that the connector failure limits are exceeded.

For CARTESIAN connections, the following *CONNECTOR FAILURE cases are tested:

For CARDAN connections, the following *CONNECTOR FAILURE cases are tested:

The models consist of a series of independent, 2-node connector elements with relevant connector behaviors.

This section focuses on Coulomb-like friction behaviors using the *CONNECTOR FRICTION, the *CONNECTOR DERIVED COMPONENT, and the *CONNECTOR POTENTIAL options. Most connection types for which friction can be defined are tested, including: AXIAL, CARTESIAN, RADIAL-THRUST, SLIDE-PLANE, SLOT, CARDAN, EULER, FLEXION-TORSION, ROTATION, REVOLUTE, UNIVERSAL, CYLINDRICAL, HINGE, PLANAR, TRANSLATOR, and UJOINT.

The behavior options are verified by applying concentrated loads or displacements to create nonzero contact forces and some relative motion in the connectors. The friction-related output quantities (friction forces, contact forces, and relative slip) are monitored to assess the solution quality. In the ABAQUS/Standard tests both *STATIC and *DYNAMIC analyses are performed. In many of the ABAQUS/Standard input files, perturbation procedures (*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, *FREQUENCY, and *RANDOM RESPONSE) are also perfomed with or without the *LOAD CASE option. Both the predefined and the user-customized friction behavior are tested. Various friction models as defined by the *FRICTION option under the *SURFACE INTERACTION or *CHANGE FRICTION options are tested as well.

The models consist of a series of independent, 2-node connector elements with relevant connector behaviors.

This section focuses on actuation behaviors using the *CONNECTOR MOTION option. CARTESIAN and CARDAN connections are used in these verification cases.

The *CONNECTOR MOTION, FIXED option is verified by inducing a relative displacement between the connector nodes in the first step of the load history, then fixing the motion and applying a concentrated load to verify no motion occurs.

The *CONNECTOR MOTION, TYPE=VELOCITY or TYPE=ACCELERATION options are verified by applying a relative velocity or acceleration to the connector element and obtaining a resulting relative displacement and connector load that correspond to the analytical solution for the prescribed conditions.

The *CONNECTOR MOTION, USER option is verified by applying a relative displacement between the connector nodes using user subroutine DISP.

In the ABAQUS/Standard tests a linear perturbation *STATIC analysis is performed in the last step.

The *CONNECTOR MOTION cases tested are:

The models consist of a series of independent, 2-node connector elements with relevant connector behaviors.

These verification cases test connector elements with options not routinely tested in other verification problems: *RESTART, *MODEL CHANGE, and *POST OUTPUT.