Carrier Networking Technologies

• Phone Voice Quality
• Time Division Multiplexing
• Multiplexing
• T1 Frame
• T1
• North America vs Europe
• European System: E1
• Digital TDM Hierarchy
• SONET
• SONET Protocols
• Physical Components
• Signal Hierarchy
• Delay Sensitive Transport
• Byte Multiplexing
• SONET Frame Format
• STS-1 Overhead Bytes
• SONET Overhead Bytes
• Floating Payload
• Virtual Tributaries
• How to Send Bigger Payloads?
• Multiplexing
• Concatenation
• STS-3c Frame Format
• STS-3c Overhead bytes
• Protection
• Line vs. Path
• 1+1 Protection
• 1:1 Protection
• Rings Provide Protection
• Unidirectional Path Switched Ring
• Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring
• Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring (2-Fiber)
• Timing in Networks
• Clock Distribution
• Scrambling
• SONET Scrambling
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
• SONET vs SDH
• Optical Transport Network (OTN)
• OTN Layers and Frame Format

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