Product: ABAQUS/Standard
B21H B22 B23H B31 B31OS B31OSH B32H B32OS B32OSH B33H
PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE31H PIPE32
Linear elastic, Young's modulus = 3.0 × 106, Poisson's ratio = 0.3.
Section types:
Arbitrary (Open and Closed), Box, Circular, Elbow, General, Hexagonal, I, L, Nonlinear General, Pipe, Rectangular, Trapezoidal.
All problems are statically determinate, and section forces have been verified to be correct.
Solid circular sections:
9.325 × 10–2, 
1.865 × 10–3 (Step 1), 
6.466 × 10–5 (Step 2)
Solid square sections:
.8789, 1.758 × 10–2 (Step 1), 7.224 × 10–4 (Step 2)
Solid thin rectangular sections:
Closed thin-walled pipe sections:
.2712, 5.423 × 10–3 (Step 1), 1.885 × 10–4 (Step 2)
Closed thin-walled box sections:
1.278, 2.556 × 10–2 (Step 1), 7.521 × 10–4 (Step 2)
Closed thin-walled hexagonal sections:
.3489, 6.978 × 10–3 (Step 1), 2.796 × 10–4 (Step 2)
Open thin-walled I-sections:
.8931, 1.786 × 10–2 (Step 1), 7.537 × 10–2 (Step 2)
Open thin-walled C-sections:
.3564, 7.112 × 10–3 (Step 1), .1081 (Step 2)
Open thin-walled slit ring sections:
29.84, .5949 (Step 1), 1.388 (Step 2)
Open thin-walled L-sections:
1.422, 2.857 × 10–2 (Step 1), .6177 (Step 2)
Open thin-walled T-sections:
4.069, 8.138 × 10–2 (Step 1), .1563 (Step 2)
The results for Step 1 are within 1% of the analytical values.
The results for Step 2 are less accurate for 
. While results for rods and cylinders are exact, other closed sections can have an error of several percent. For open section beams can have errors in excess of 10% unless an open section beam element type is used. Open section beams include warping, which can have a significant effect on .
B31 elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B31 elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B31 elements, slit circular section.
B31 elements, box section.
B31 elements, I-section.
B31 elements, L-section.
B32H elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B32H elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B32H elements, slit circular section.
B32H elements, box section.
B32H elements, I-section.
B32H elements, L-section.
B33H elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B33H elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B33H elements, slit circular section.
B33H elements, box section.
B33H elements, I-section.
B33H elements, L-section.
B31OS elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B31OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B31OS elements, slit circular section.
B31OS elements, I-section.
B31OS elements, L-section.
B32OS elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B32OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B32OS elements, slit circular section.
B32OS elements, I-section.
B32OS elements, L-section.
B31OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B31OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B31OSH elements, slit circular section.
B31OSH elements, I-section.
B31OSH elements, L-section.
B32OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B32OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B32OSH elements, slit circular section.
B32OSH elements, I-section.
B32OSH elements, L-section.
B31 elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B31 elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B31 elements, slit circular section.
B31 elements, box section.
B31 elements, I-section.
B31 elements, L-section.
B32H elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B32H elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B32H elements, slit circular section.
B32H elements, box section.
B32H elements, I-section.
B32H elements, L-section.
B33H elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B33H elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B33H elements, slit circular section.
B33H elements, box section.
B33H elements, I-section.
B33H elements, L-section.
B31OS elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B31OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B31OS elements, slit circular section.
B31OS elements, I-section.
B31OS elements, L-section.
B32OS elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B32OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B32OS elements, slit circular section.
B32OS elements, I-section.
B32OS elements, L-section.
B31OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B31OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B31OSH elements, slit circular section.
B31OSH elements, I-section.
B31OSH elements, L-section.
B32OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center.
B32OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center.
B32OSH elements, slit circular section.
B32OSH elements, I-section.
B32OSH elements, L-section.
B22 elements, default integration.
B22 elements, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, default integration.
B21H elements, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, default integration.
B23H elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, default integration.
B31 elements, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, default integration.
B32H elements, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, default integration.
B33H elements, nondefault integration.
B22 elements.
B21H elements.
B23H elements.
B31 elements.
B32H elements.
B33H elements.
B22 elements, default integration.
B22 elements, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, default integration.
B21H elements, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, default integration.
B23H elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, default integration.
B31 elements, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, default integration.
B32H elements, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, default integration.
B33H elements, nondefault integration.
B22 elements.
B21H elements.
B23H elements.
B31 elements.
B32H elements.
B33H elements.
B22 elements, pipe section.
B22 elements, solid square section.
B21H elements, pipe section.
B21H elements, solid square section.
B23H elements, pipe section.
B23H elements, solid square section.
B31 elements, I-section.
B31 elements, pipe section.
B31 elements, solid square section.
B32H elements, pipe section.
B32H elements, solid square section.
B33H elements, pipe section.
B33H elements, solid square section.
B31OS elements, I-section.
B32OS elements, I-section.
B31OSH elements, I-section.
B32OSH elements, I-section.
B22 elements, default integration.
B22 elements, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, default integration.
B21H elements, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, default integration.
B23H elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, default integration.
B31 elements, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, default integration.
B32H elements, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, default integration.
B33H elements, nondefault integration.
B22 elements.
B21H elements.
B23H elements.
B31 elements.
B32H elements.
B33H elements.
B22 elements, default integration.
B22 elements, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, default integration.
B21H elements, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, default integration.
B23H elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, default integration.
B31 elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, T-section.
B32H elements, default integration.
B32H elements, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, T-section.
B33H elements, default integration.
B33H elements, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, T-section.
B31OS elements, default integration.
B31OS elements, nondefault integration.
B31OS elements, T-section.
B32OS elements, default integration.
B32OS elements, nondefault integration.
B32OS elements, T-section.
B31OSH elements, default integration.
B31OSH elements, nondefault integration.
B31OSH elements, T-section.
B32OSH elements, default integration.
B32OSH elements, nondefault integration.
B32OSH elements, T-section.
B22 elements.
B21H elements.
B23H elements.
B31 elements, T-section.
B31 elements.
B32H elements, T-section.
B32H elements.
B33H elements. T-section.
B33H elements.
B31OS elements, T-section.
B31OS elements.
B32OS elements, T-section.
B32OS elements.
B31OSH elements, T-section.
B31OSH elements.
B32OSH elements, T-section.
B32OSH elements.
B31 elements, default integration.
B31 elements, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, default integration.
B32H elements, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, default integration.
B33H elements, nondefault integration.
B31OS elements, default integration.
B31OS elements, nondefault integration.
B32OS elements, default integration.
B32OS elements, nondefault integration.
B31OSH elements, default integration.
B31OSH elements, nondefault integration.
B32OSH elements, default integration.
B32OSH elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements.
B32H elements.
B33H elements.
B31OS elements.
B32OS elements.
B31OSH elements.
B32OSH elements.
B22 elements, circular section.
B22 elements, section data defined using a table of values.
B21H elements, circular section.
B21H elements, section data defined using a table of values.
B23H elements, circular section.
B23H elements, section data defined using a table of values.
B31 elements, circular section.
B31 elements, section data defined using a table of values.
B32H elements, circular section.
B32H elements, section data defined using a table of values.
B33H elements, circular section.
B33H elements, section data defined using a table of values.
B22 elements, default integration.
B22 elements, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, default integration.
B21H elements, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, default integration.
B23H elements, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, default integration.
B31 elements, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, default integration.
B32H elements, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, default integration.
B33H elements, nondefault integration.
PIPE22 elements, default integration.
PIPE22 elements, nondefault integration.
PIPE21H elements, default integration.
PIPE21H elements, nondefault integration.
PIPE32 elements, default integration.
PIPE32 elements, nondefault integration.
PIPE31H elements, default integration.
PIPE31H elements, nondefault integration.
B22 elements.
B21H elements.
B23H elements.
B31 elements.
B32H elements.
B33H elements.
B22 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B22 elements, thin rectangular section.
B22 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, thin rectangular section.
B21H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, thin rectangular section.
B23H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, thin rectangular section.
B31 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, thin rectangular section.
B32H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, thin rectangular section.
B33H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B22 elements, thin rectangular section.
B22 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B21H elements, thin rectangular section.
B21H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B23H elements, thin rectangular section.
B23H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B31 elements, thin rectangular section.
B31 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B32H elements, thin rectangular section.
B32H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B33H elements, thin rectangular section.
B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B22 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B22 elements, thin rectangular section.
B22 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B21H elements, thin rectangular section.
B21H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B23H elements, thin rectangular section.
B23H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B31 elements, thin rectangular section.
B31 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B32H elements, thin rectangular section.
B32H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.
B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B33H elements, thin rectangular section.
B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B22 elements, thin rectangular section.
B22 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B21H elements, thin rectangular section.
B21H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B23H elements, thin rectangular section.
B23H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B31 elements, thin rectangular section.
B31 elements, solid square section, default integration.
B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B32H elements, thin rectangular section.
B32H elements, solid square section, default integration.
B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin.
B33H elements, thin rectangular section.
B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.
Reference solution for the circular section beams.
Reference solution for the I-section beams.
Reference solution for the L-section beams.
Reference solution for the T-section beams.
