Product: ABAQUS/Standard
This example illustrates the ABAQUS capability to solve problems involving partially saturated flow in porous media. ABAQUS is capable of solving the stress equilibrium/fluid flow coupled problem (see “Demand wettability of a porous medium: coupled analysis,” Section 1.8.2), but in this example we are concerned only with the fluid flow part of the problem. This uncoupled fluid flow case is obtained by constraining all the displacement degrees of freedom in the problem.
We consider a “constrained demand wettability” test. The demand wettability test is a common way of measuring the absorption properties of porous materials. In such a test fluid is made available to the material at a certain location, and the material is allowed to absorb as much fluid as it can. In this example we consider a square specimen of material and allow it to absorb fluid at its center. We investigate two cases: one in which the material contains a large number of gel particles that entrap fluid and, as a result, enhance the fluid retention capability of the material; and the other in which the material does not contain gel. We also study the cyclic wetting behavior in the case of the sample containing gel particles.
The square specimen is 101.6 mm on a side, and its thickness is 20 mm. We are concerned with the absorption characteristics in the plane of the square and, therefore, model the problem with planar elements. Figure 1.8.1–1 shows one-quarter of the problem, modeled with a uniform 10 × 10 mesh of CPE8RP plane strain elements. The problem is also solved with a 5 × 5 mesh, a 15 × 15 mesh, and meshes using CPE4P, CPE4RP, and CPE6MP elements without significant changes in the results. When second-order elements are used where partially saturated flow is of concern, the use of reduced-integration elements is recommended since the fully integrated elements may lead to spurious oscillations during the initial stages of the transient.
The permeability of the fully saturated material is 3.7 × 10–4 m/sec. The partially saturated permeability is the default model, which assumes that the permeability varies as a cubic function of saturation. The specific weight of the material is 105 N/m3. The initial void ratio is 5.0 throughout the sample. The capillary action in the porous medium is defined by the absorption/exsorption curves shown in Figure 1.8.1–2. These curves give the (negative) pore pressure versus saturation relationship for absorption and exsorption behavior. The transition between absorption and exsorption and vice-versa takes place along a scanning slope that is set by default to 1.05 times the largest slope of any branch in the absorption/exsorption curves. The initial conditions for pore pressure and saturation are assumed to be those at the beginning of the absorption curve, so the initial saturation is 0.05 and the initial pore pressure is –10 kPa.
The gel particles have a radius of 0.5 mm when completely dry and are capable of swelling to a maximum radius of 1.5 mm when fully exposed to fluid. There are 1.0 × 108 gel particles in each cubic meter of the porous material. The relaxation time constant for swelling of the gel particles is 500 sec. A dummy elastic modulus of 104 N/m2 is prescribed to complete the material definition.
The “loading” consists of prescribing a zero pore pressure (corresponding to full saturation) at the center of the sample, node 1 in Figure 1.8.1–1. This is based on the assumption that, in the demand wettability test, the sample has available to it as much fluid as necessary to cause saturation at that point. This boundary condition is held fixed for 600 seconds to model the fluid acquisition process. Then a draining period of 600 seconds is modeled by prescribing a pore pressure of –10 kPa at node 1; this corresponds to a saturation of 10%, which is the least saturation the sample can achieve after it has been wetted (see Figure 1.8.1–2). The draining procedure we use is not physically realistic, since the free fluid saturation cannot drop to 10% instantaneously as we assume. Nevertheless, it serves to illustrate the behavior of the model. Finally, we model the rewetting process over a time period of 800 seconds in the third step of analysis by once again prescribing zero pressure at the center of the sample.
The analysis is performed with the *SOILS, CONSOLIDATION procedure (“Coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis,” Section 6.7.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis User's Manual) using automatic time incrementation. UTOL, the pore pressure tolerance that controls the automatic incrementation, is set to a large value since we expect the nonlinearity of the material to restrict the size of the time increments during the transient stages of the analysis and we do not wish to impose any further control on the accuracy of the time integration. The volume flux tolerance that controls the accuracy of the solution of the flow continuity equations is set to 1.0 × 10–8 m3 sec on the *CONTROLS option (“Convergence criteria for nonlinear problems,” Section 8.3.3 of the ABAQUS Analysis User's Manual). This is less than 1% of the flux that occurs during the initial wetting stage of the problem. The problem can also be run with the default tolerance. The results obtained are unchanged. However, in this problem the default tolerances calculated by ABAQUS are extremely tight, resulting in additional iterations without benefit to the solution. For this reason we define a less stringent tolerance.
An important issue in these transient, partially saturated flow problems is the choice of initial time step. As in any transient problem the spatial element size and the time step are related, to the extent that time steps smaller than a certain size give no useful information. This coupling of the spatial and temporal approximations is always most obvious at the start of diffusion problems, immediately after prescribed changes in the boundary values. As discussed in “Coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis,” Section 6.7.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis User's Manual, the criterion is
is the specific weight of the wetting liquid, 
is the initial porosity of the material, 
is the fully saturated permeability of the material, 
is the permeability-saturation relationship, 
is the rate of change of saturation with respect to pore pressure as defined in the *SORPTION material option (“Sorption,” Section 12.7.4 of the ABAQUS Analysis User's Manual), and 
is a typical element dimension. For our model we have 
5.08 mm (the size of an element side), 
1.0 × 104 N/m3, 
3.7 × 10–4 m/sec, 
, and 
5/6. Near node 1, where we apply the boundary condition, we will approach full saturation conditions early in the transient. If we choose a saturation of 0.9 and the corresponding in the absorption curve, we can calculate a 
of about 0.1 sec. We choose to start the analysis with a time increment of 1 sec.If time increments smaller than the critical value are used, spurious oscillations may appear in the solution (except when reduced-integration, linear, or modified triangular elements are used, in which case ABAQUS uses a special integration scheme for the wetting liquid storage term to avoid this problem). If the problem requires analysis with smaller time increments than the critical value, a finer mesh is required. Generally there is no upper limit on the time step, except accuracy, since the integration procedure is unconditionally stable.
Since the volume occupied by the sample is fixed (all displacements have been constrained) we must expect the volume of fluid absorbed to be the same in the cases of the sample with and without gel particles; the difference will be in the proportions of the volume of the sample that will be occupied by free fluid and fluid trapped in the gel particles. Figure 1.8.1–3 shows the time history of the pore pressures at six nodes along the diagonal of the sample during the first wetting stage of the problem; these histories are identical for the two samples. Figure 1.8.1–4 shows the history of the volume of fluid absorbed by the samples at node 1. In Figure 1.8.1–5 we show the histories of free fluid saturation at the six integration points closest to the six nodes for which the pore pressure histories are plotted; again these histories are identical for the two samples. The void ratio for the sample without gel remains constant at 5 throughout the test, whereas in the sample with gel it decreases to values below 1, as shown in the time histories of Figure 1.8.1–6: as the gel particles grow in a confined volume, the void space available for free fluid flow has to decrease. The growth of the gel particles in the case of the sample with gel is shown in Figure 1.8.1–7, where we plot the time histories of the ratio of the volume of gel to the total volume. The proportion of the total volume occupied by the different phases of the porous medium at the beginning and at the end of the wetting stage is shown in Figure 1.8.1–8 and Figure 1.8.1–9 for the case of the samples with and without gel.
The cyclic wetting behavior of the sample containing gel particles is given in Figure 1.8.1–10 to Figure 1.8.1–14, where we show histories of pore pressure, volume of fluid absorbed, free fluid saturation, gel volume ratio, and void ratio. The trends observed are as expected, with pore pressure and saturation increasing and decreasing as the volume of fluid in the sample increases and decreases. In addition, once the sample with gel has been wetted, it can never dry out to the original state because some fluid remains trapped in the gel particles. During the draining stage the gel particles stop growing when the saturation of the surrounding free fluid falls below the value required to keep the gel growing. At the same time the void ratio also has to remain constant (Figure 1.8.1–14). Finally, in the rewetting stage, full saturation is achieved more quickly than in the first wetting stage since the sample starts off with a higher saturation and has less capacity to absorb fluid.
Cyclic demand wettability test in the case of the sample containing gel particles, element type CPE8RP.
Element type CPE4P.
Element type CPE4RP.
Element type CPE6MP.
*POST OUTPUT analysis.
To run the first test in the case of a sample without gel, the *GEL material option needs to be removed.
