Apache

Apache is the industry standard web server for Linux distributions. It is highly configurable and has a wide range of modules ready for different needs.

What is a web server?

A web server is software that listens for connections to your machine, and when a connection is receive, processes the request and responds with the appropriate information. Most web servers listen on port 80, which is reserved for the purpose, and use the HTTP protocol.

For example, when you visit this wiki, you are sending a request over the internet to some machine that is probably located somewhere in EIT (the user seldom knows exactly where the machine is located). The web server receives your request, and it processes the data you sent. Finally, the server prepares a response (the web page), and sends it back to you.

Installing Apache

In yum, Apache is distributed under the package name httpd (for hypertext transfer protocol daemon). In apt, it is distributed under the name apache2. Use the package manager associated with your distribution to install Apache. (For more information on how to use yum and apt, see the Linux guide.)

For example:

# Debian version
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install apache2

# RHEL version
$ sudo yum install httpd

When Apache is installed through apt, the HTTP Daemon will be automatically to added as a startup item. If you are using the Amazon AMI, you need to run this command to add Apache as a startup item:

$ sudo /sbin/chkconfig --levels 235 httpd on # RHEL only
$

In RHEL, all Apache configurations are stored in /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. Debian takes a more modular approach, having separate directories for each type of configuration, all located in /etc/apache2/. For more detail on Debian's approach, see http://www.control-escape.com/web/configuring-apache2-debian.html

Apache Directives

You define your settings for Apache using directives. Some of the directives you will likely encounter include:

• DocumentRoot: The path to the directory where the top level web files are going to be stored.
• IfModule: The following block would be included if specified module exists.
• User: Which user apache2 will run as.
• Group: Which group will have group access to default web files.
• AccessFileName: The name of the access file (that specifies user names/passwords and other limitations to files/directories).
• ErrorLog: Where any errors will be written.
• Include: Include some other files.
• LogFormat: How to write a log message.
• ErrorDocument: Files to display for some HTTP errors (500, 404, 402 etc.).
• Alias: Map a directory URL to some other location on your filesystem. Requires that the Alias module be loaded.

.htaccess Files

You can also specify some Apache configurations without delving into the master configuration file. To do this, put a file named .htaccess in any directory that Apache is serving. All directives in it will be interpreted as if they were in a Directory directive in the master configuration file.

VERY IMPORTANT: The directory containing .htaccess must not have the AllowOverride None directive in the master configuration file in order for .htaccess to be read. In Debian, AllowOverride None is enabled by default! The Apache configuration file you need to edit in Debian is /etc/apache2/sites-available/default (remove the AllowOverride None located on line 11).

Directory Directive

Use the Directory directive to assign other directives to a specific directory. For example:

<Directory /var/www/>
	Options Indexes FollowSymLinks 
	AllowOverride None
	Order allow,deny
	allow from all
	RedirectMatch ^/$ /apache2-default/
</Directory>

This sets options for the /var/www directory.

1. The Options directive says that:
   1. If no index page is present in a directory, display a directory index page instead
   2. Apache will follow symbolic links in the directory
2. AllowOverride None says that .htaccess files cannot alter the Apache options in this directory and all sub-directories
3. Order allow,deny and Allow from all specifies that anybody is allowed to access this server via HTTP.

Note that this directory is actually the root directory of the web server.

The UserDir Module

The UserDir module lets you access files for any user on the server with a ~, e.g., http://ec2-xxx-xxx-xxx-xx.compute-1.amazonaws.com/~paul/

This module comes installed, but not activated by default.

Enabling UserDir in Debian

If you are using a Debian-based distribution for your server (like Ubuntu Server), simply run the following command to enable the module:

$ sudo a2enmod userdir

Then restart Apache for the changes to take effect. Now, all users will be able to store their own personal web site in public_html inside their home directory.

To make sure everything is working, create a test file in your home directory under public_html, and then point your browser to it: http://ec2-xxx-xx-xx-xxx.compute-1.amazonaws.com/~yourUserName/hello.txt

Note: The UserDir configuration file, which already has all the correct settings, is located at /etc/apache2/mods-available/userdir.conf

Note: Users need to manually create public_html. It is not created automatically.

Enabling UserDir in RHEL

If you are using an RHEL-based distribution for your server (like the Amazon AMI), you need to edit the master Apache configuration file.

Open /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf in your favorite text editor. For more information on command-line text editors, refer to the Linux guide.

Find the line that says

UserDir disabled

and change it to

UserDir disabled root

Additionally, find the line that says

#UserDir public_html

and uncomment it; that is, remove the # so that you have

UserDir public_html

This tells Apache that the directory containing each user's html files is a subdirectory of their home directory called public_html.

Note: Users need to manually create public_html. It is not created automatically.

You may also need to change the permissions of your user directory and your public_html directory to allow Apache to read and execute inside them. To do this, run the following commands:

$ sudo chmod o+x /home/myUserName
$ sudo chmod o+rx /home/myUserName/public_html
$

Finally, restart Apache.

Remapping UserDir

If you want to change the name of the UserDir web server root from public_html to something else like .html, follow these instructions. (You do not need to do this for the purposes of CSE 330; this serves as a reference.)

1. Rename your public_html to .html
   • The "." in front of the directory name means that the directory is a hidden one. You will not see it with the normal "ls" command. Use "ls -a" to see hidden files as well.
2. Edit the UserDir configuration file.
   • In RHEL, edit the master Apache configuration file at /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
   • In Debian, edit the UserDir configuration file at /etc/apache2/mods-available/userdir.conf
3. Find the line that reads UserDir public_html and change it to UserDir .html/
4. Restart Apache.

Apache Logs

Apache creates two log files: one for all access attempts to your server, and one for errors. The locations of these log files are:

• Debian:
  • Access Log: /var/log/apache2/access.log
  • Error Log: /var/log/apache2/error.log
• RHEL:
  • Access Log: /var/log/httpd/access_log
  • Error Log: /var/log/httpd/error_log

You might find it helpful to see access and errors appear "live" in your terminal window as they are created. To do this, you can use the tail -f command. Since the log files have strict permissions, you will need to also use sudo. Example on Debian:

$ sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/error.log

Virtual Hosts

Virtual Hosts are used to run multiple Apache web servers from the same machine. Virtual hosts can listen for connections on different ports and/or different hostnames, serving completely different web sites to each. For example:

<VirtualHost cse330.dyndns.org>
	ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
	ServerName cse330.dyndns.org
	DocumentRoot /home/www/cse330/
	ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/error_log
	LogLevel warn
	CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access_log combined
	ServerSignature On
</VirtualHost>

This configuration enables any requests that use a host name of cse330.dyndns.org will use /home/www/cse330 as the root document directory. Make sure that the DocumentRoot directory exists and is readable by the httpd process. In RHEL, Apache runs as the apache user. In Debian, it runs as the www-data user.

It is good practice to put raw server configuration files in /etc/httpd/sites-available in RHEL or /etc/apache2/sites-available in Debian. To activate a site, create a symlink from the configuration in sites-available to a sibling directory called sites-enabled. In Debian, these directories are already set up for you, and Debian Apache even provides the a2ensite and a2dissite commands to create or destroy the symlinks! In RHEL, you have to do this by hand.

Restarting Apache and Testing

Whenever you make changes to the Apache configuration files, you will need to restart Apache for the changes to take effect. There are several different ways to restart Apache; they all functionally do (almost) the same thing, so choose your favorite:

$ sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl restart   # works on both Debian and RHEL
$ sudo apachectl restart    # if /usr/sbin is in your PATH (which it is by default in Debian, but not RHEL)
$ sudo /etc/init.d/httpd restart   # on RHEL
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart   # on Debian
$ sudo /sbin/service httpd restart   # on RHEL
$ sudo /usr/sbin/service apache2 restart   # on Debian
$ sudo service httpd restart    # on RHEL
$ sudo service apache2 restart    # on Debian

If you're torn for which version is the "best" to use, the commands involving apachectl (think "Apache Control") are written by the Apache folks themselves. This has a couple advantages:

• They show you errors in the startup process (if there are any)
• They give you the option to perform a "soft" restart; that is, a restart that allows any pending connections to complete. To perform a soft restart, use graceful: sudo apachectl graceful

In my anecdotal experience, the apachectl commands are also faster than the service or init.d commands.

To make sure everything is working, create a test file in your home directory under public_html, and then point your browser to it: http://ec2-xxx-xx-xx-xxx.compute-1.amazonaws.com/~yourUserName/hello.txt

Apache Benchmark Tool

The Apache Benchmark ab [1] provides a convenient way to stress test your web server. The tool is included with the default installation of Apache.

An example of using ab to send 1000 requests, 10 at a time to the URL http://example.com/ is shown below:

$ ab -c 10 –n 1000 http://example.com/