Products: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit
The problems in this set can be broadly classified under three categories. The first category of problems consists of simple displacement- or load-controlled cyclic tests to verify the Mullins effect, with the primary response defined by different strain energy potential functions. The tests consist of a single element that is cyclically loaded to a maximum strain (stress) level, then unloaded to zero strain (stress). This is followed by further reloading to levels of strain (stress) that are higher than those reached during the loading segment of the first cycle, followed again by unloading to zero strain (stress). The tests in this section use parts and assemblies.
The second category of problems is intended for testing the calibration capabilities for determining the Mullins effect coefficients. The problems use unloading test data that were generated by running a model with specified values of the Mullins effect coefficients. The calibration capability is meant to recover the specified values of the Mullins effect coefficients. These tests use different loading states, such as uniaxial tension, biaxial tension, and planar tension.
The third category of problems tests the import capability with the Mullins effect. All tests in this section are set up with a uniaxial stress state. The tests consist of first loading a single element in ABAQUS/Standard and unloading it. The results are then imported into ABAQUS/Explicit, where the element is loaded to deformation levels higher than the original loading and then unloaded. These results are again imported back into ABAQUS/Standard, where the element is loaded to deformation levels higher than the prior loading and then unloaded. Finally, the last set of results are imported from ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Standard, and the element is further deformed and unloaded. The above series of tests includes problems that import both the state and the reference configuration, problems that import only the state, and problems that import neither the state nor the reference configuration.
Material:The following material data are used for the first category of tests:
| Strain Energy Potential Form | Primary Hyperelastic Coefficients | Mullins Effect Parameters |
|---|---|---|
| Compressible Arruda-Boyce |  = 200.0,  = 5.0,  = 0.001 | r = 1.1, m = 100.0,  = 0.1 |
| Compressible Ogden |  = 160.0,  = 2.0,  = 40.0,  = –2.0, = 0.001 | r = 5.0, m = 220.0, = 0.1 |
| Incompressible Ogden | = 160.0, = 2.0, = 40.0, = –2.0 | r = 5.0, m = 220.0 |
| User-defined hyperelastic material | Same as the compressible Yeoh model. | |
| Compressible Van der Waals | = 200.0, = 10.0,  = 0.1, = 0.0, D = 0.001 | r = 3.0, m = 100.0, = 0.1 |
| Compressible Yeoh |  = 1.326,  = –0.326,  = 0.1319, = 0.000725 | r = 1.1, m = 100.0, = 0.1 |
| Incompressible Yeoh | = 1.326, = –0.326, = 0.1319 | r = 1.1, m = 100.0 |
For the second and third category of tests the primary material response is defined using the incompressible Yeoh potential with the deviatoric coefficients as given above. For the second category of tests the unloading test data are generated for uniaxial, biaxial, and planar stress states using the following values for the Mullins effect parameters: r = 1.25, m = 0.01, and = 0.9. These parameters are also used to define the Mullins effect in the third category of tests.
Loading:
The first category of problems includes both displacement- and force-controlled loading. The second and third categories of problems are carried out under only displacement-controlled loading.
For the first category of problems the results of the ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit numerical simulations are in good agreement with the analytical results.
For the second category of problems, which tests the calibration of the Mullins effect parameters, it is observed that the parameters r and are always captured accurately. In certain situations the value of the parameter m is found to be significantly different from the expected value (based on which the test data were originally generated). This occurs in situations where the deformation level leads to a relatively large value of the maximum deviatoric strain energy density, 
, such that the value of 
dominates over the value of m. The overall fit is found to be very good in these cases.
For the final category of problems, which tests the import capability, the response after each import of results is as expected. When the state is imported, further deformation upon import shows the appropriate level of stress softening. On the other hand, when the state is not imported, no stress softening is observed.
Compressible Arruda-Boyce model, CPE4RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible Van der Waals model, CPE4RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible Yeoh model, SAX1 element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible Yeoh model, CPS4R element, cyclic uniaxial tension, tests temperature- and field-variable-dependent Mullins effect material properties.
Tests the *POST OUTPUT capability for the damage-related output variables. This job needs the restart file from the job mmecdo2cut.inp.
Incompressible Yeoh model, SAX1 element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible Ogden model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Incompressible Ogden model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible user-defined hyperelastic material, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension, user subroutine UHYPER provided in the file mmecdo3cut_user.f.
Compressible Yeoh model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible Yeoh model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension with load control.
Compressible Yeoh model, C3D8RH element, triaxial tension followed by unloading, further loading in uniaxial tension, and unloading. The purpose of this test is to demonstrate that a purely volumetric deformation does not result in any damage. This problem also tests a static linear perturbation analysis about a damaged base state.
Incompressible Yeoh model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test with compressible Arruda-Boyce model, CPE4RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test with compressible Van der Waals model, CPE4RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test with compressible Ogden model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test with compressible Yeoh model, SAX1 element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test with compressible Yeoh model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Calibration test with uniaxial unloading test data, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Calibration test with uniaxial unloading test data, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension, Marlow model.
Calibration test with biaxial unloading test data, C3D8RH element, cyclic biaxial tension.
Calibration test with planar unloading test data, C3D8RH element, cyclic planar tension.
Calibration test with unloading test data from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests; C3D8RH element; cyclic planar tension.
Calibration test with unloading test data from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests and with the value of the parameter r fixed; C3D8RH element; cyclic planar tension.
Calibration test with unloading test data from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests and with the value of the parameter m fixed; C3D8RH element; cyclic planar tension.
Calibration test with unloading test data from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests and with the value of the parameter fixed; C3D8RH element; cyclic planar tension.
Base problem for carrying out import from ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Explicit, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic continuation of sx_s_mullins.inp with both the reference configuration and the state imported, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic continuation of sx_s_mullins.inp with only the state imported, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic continuation of sx_s_mullins.inp without importing the state or the reference configuration, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Import into ABAQUS/Standard from sx_x_mullins_y_y.inp with both the state and the reference configuration imported, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Import into ABAQUS/Standard from sx_x_mullins_n_y.inp with only the state imported, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Import into ABAQUS/Standard from sx_x_mullins_n_n.inp without importing the state or the reference configuration, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Standard import from xs_s_mullins_y_y.inp with both the state and the reference configuration imported, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Standard import from xs_s_mullins_n_y.inp with only the state imported, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Standard import from xs_s_mullins_n_n.inp without importing the state or the reference configuration, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Compressible Marlow model, T2D2 element, cyclic uniaxial tension, tests temperature- and field-variable-dependent Mullins effect material properties.
Compressible Marlow model, CPS4R element, cyclic uniaxial tension, tests temperature- and field-variable-dependent Mullins effect material properties.
Compressible Marlow model, C3D8RH element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
The problems in this set can be broadly classified under three categories. The first category of problems consists of simple displacement- or load-controlled cyclic tests to verify the effect of energy dissipation in elastomeric foams. The tests consist of a single element that is cyclically loaded to a maximum strain (stress) level, then unloaded to zero strain (stress). This is followed by further reloading to levels of strain (stress) that are higher than those reached during the loading segment of the first cycle, followed again by unloading to zero strain (stress). The tests in this section use parts and assemblies.
The second category of problems is intended for testing the calibration capabilities for determining the Mullins effect coefficients. The problems use unloading test data that were generated by running a model with specified values of the Mullins effect coefficients. The calibration capability is meant to recover the specified values of the Mullins effect coefficients. These tests use different loading states, such as uniaxial tension, biaxial tension, and planar tension.
The third category of problems tests the import capability. All tests in this section are set up with a uniaxial stress state. The tests consist of first loading a single element in ABAQUS/Standard. The results are then imported to ABAQUS/Explicit, where the element is unloaded. These results are again imported back into ABAQUS/Standard, where the element is loaded to deformation levels higher than the prior loading. Finally, the last set of results are imported from ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Standard, and then the element is unloaded. The above series of tests includes problems that import both the state and the reference configuration, problems that import only the state, and problems that import neither the state nor the reference configuration.
Material:The following material data are used for the first category of tests:
| Coefficients for Primary Elastomeric Foam Behavior | Mullins Effect Parameters |
|---|---|
= –1048.43, = 0.3025, = 532.20, = 0.3958,  =517.027,  =0.2135,  = 0.2,  = 0.2,  = 0.2 | r = 1.75, m = 0.3, = 0.6 |
Loading:
The first category of problems includes both displacement- and force-controlled loading. The second and third categories of problems are carried out under only displacement-controlled loading.
For the first category of problems the results of the ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit numerical simulations are in good agreement with the analytical results.
For the second category of problems, which tests the calibration of the Mullins effect parameters, it is observed that the parameters r and are always captured accurately. In certain situations the value of the parameter m is found to be significantly different from the expected value (based on which the test data were originally generated). This occurs in situations where the deformation level leads to a relatively large value of the maximum strain energy density, 
, such that the value of 
dominates over the value of m. The overall fit is found to be very good in these cases.
For the final category of problems, which tests the import capability, the response after each import of results is as expected. When the state is imported, further deformation upon import shows the appropriate level of stress softening. On the other hand, when the state is not imported, no stress softening is observed.
T3D2 element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
CPS4R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
C3D8R element, cyclic biaxial tension.
C3D8R element, cyclic planar loading.
Calibration test with uniaxial unloading test data, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Calibration test with biaxial unloading test data, C3D8R element, cyclic biaxial tension.
Calibration test with planar unloading test data, C3D8R element, cyclic planar tension.
Calibration test with unloading test data from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests and with the value of the parameter m fixed; C3D8R element; cyclic planar tension.
Explicit dynamic test, T3D2 element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test, CPS4R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test, C3D8R element, cyclic biaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic test, C3D8R element, cyclic planar loading.
Calibration test with uniaxial unloading test data, explicit dynamic, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Calibration test with biaxial unloading test data, explicit dynamic, C3D8R element, cyclic biaxial tension.
Calibration test with planar unloading test data, explicit dynamic, C3D8R element, cyclic planar tension.
Calibration test with unloading test data from uniaxial, biaxial, and planar tests and with the value of the parameter m fixed; explicit dynamic; C3D8R element; cyclic planar tension.
Base problem for carrying out import from ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Explicit, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Explicit dynamic continuation of sx_s_mullins_hfoam.inp with only the state imported, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
Import into ABAQUS/Standard from sx_x_mullins_hfoam_n_y.inp with only the state imported, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.
ABAQUS/Standard to ABAQUS/Standard import from xs_s_mullins_hfoam_n_y.inp with only the state imported, C3D8R element, cyclic uniaxial tension.