All elements yield exact solutions. Multi-point constraints are required to eliminate singularities in the three-node element tests using truss elements; e.g., T3D3.

The frame elements tested have rectangular cross-sections with the same cross-sectional area as the truss elements tested. The PINNED parameter is used on the *FRAME SECTION option to indicate that the frame elements have pinned connections at the joints. Since the frame elements are formulated in terms of section properties, stress output is not available; instead, the section forces are available. Stresses calculated from the axial force and the cross-sectional area match the stresses obtained from the truss element tests.