Product: ABAQUS/Explicit
Warning: The use of this user subroutine generally requires considerable expertise. You are cautioned that the implementation of any realistic constitutive model requires extensive development and testing. Initial testing on a single-element model with prescribed traction loading is strongly recommended.
The component ordering of the symmetric and nonsymmetric tensors for the three-dimensional case using C3D8R elements is different from the ordering specified in “Three-dimensional solid element library,” Section 14.1.4, and the ordering used in ABAQUS/Standard.
User subroutine VUMAT:
is used to define the mechanical constitutive behavior of a material;
will be called for blocks of material calculation points for which the material is defined in a user subroutine (“Material data definition,” Section 9.1.2);
can use and update solution-dependent state variables;
can use any field variables that are passed in;
is described further in “User-defined mechanical material behavior,” Section 12.8.1; and
cannot be used in an adiabatic analysis.
The component ordering depends upon whether the tensor is symmetric or nonsymmetric.
For symmetric tensors such as the stress and strain tensors, there are ndir+nshr components, and the component order is given as a natural permutation of the indices of the tensor. The direct components are first and then the indirect components, beginning with the 12-component. For example, a stress tensor contains ndir direct stress components and nshr shear stress components, which are passed in as
The shear strain components in user subroutine VUMAT are stored as tensor components and not as engineering components; this is different from user subroutine UMAT in ABAQUS/Standard, which uses engineering components.For nonsymmetric tensors there are ndir+2*nshr components, and the component order is given as a natural permutation of the indices of the tensor. The direct components are first and then the indirect components, beginning with the 12-component. For example, the deformation gradient is passed as
In the data check phase of the analysis ABAQUS/Explicit calls user subroutine VUMAT with a set of fictitious strains and a totalTime and stepTime both equal to 0.0. This is done as a check on your constitutive relation and to calculate the equivalent initial material properties, based upon which the initial elastic wave speeds are computed.
All stresses, strains, stretches, and state variables are in the orientation of the local material axes. These local material axes form a basis system in which stress and strain components are stored. This represents a corotational coordinate system in which the basis system rotates with the material. If a user-specified coordinate system (“Orientations,” Section 2.2.5) is used, it defines the local material axes in the undeformed configuration.
The use of user subroutine VUMAT requires special consideration for various element types.
You must define the stresses and internal state variables. In the case of shell or plane stress elements, you must define strainInc(*,3), the thickness strain increment. The internal energies can be defined if desired. If they are not defined, the energy balance provided by ABAQUS/Explicit will not be meaningful.
When VUMAT is used to define the material response of shell elements, ABAQUS/Explicit cannot calculate a default value for the transverse shear stiffness of the element. Hence, you must define the element's transverse shear stiffness. See “Shell section behavior,” Section 15.6.4, for guidelines on choosing this stiffness.
For beam elements the stretch tensor and the deformation gradient tensor are not available. For beams in space you must define the thickness strains, strainInc(*,2) and strainInc(*,3). strainInc(*,4) is the shear strain associated with twist. Thickness stresses, stressNew(*,2) and stressNew(*,3), are assumed to be zero and any values you assign are ignored.
The polar decomposition of the deformation gradient is written as 
, where 
and 
are the right and left symmetric stretch tensors, respectively. The constitutive model is defined in a corotational coordinate system in which the basis system rotates with the material. All stress and strain tensor quantities are defined with respect to the corotational basis system. The right stretch tensor, , is used. The relative spin tensor 
represents the spin (the antisymmetric part of the velocity gradient) defined with respect to the corotational basis system.
Hyperelastic constitutive models in VUMAT should be defined in a corotational coordinate system in which the basis system rotates with the material. This is most effectively accomplished by formulating the hyperelastic constitutive model in terms of the stretch tensor, 
, instead of in terms of the deformation gradient, 
. Using the deformation gradient can present some difficulties because the deformation gradient includes the rotation tensor and the resulting stresses would need to be rotated back to the corotational basis.
The Green-Naghdi stress rate is used when the mechanical behavior of the material is defined using user subroutine VUMAT. The stress rate obtained with user subroutine VUMAT may differ from that obtained with a built-in ABAQUS material model. For example, most material models used with solid (continuum) elements in ABAQUS/Explicit employ the Jaumann stress rate. This difference in the formulation will cause significant differences in the results only if finite rotation of a material point is accompanied by finite shear. For a discussion of the objective stress rates used in ABAQUS, see “Stress rates,” Section 1.5.3 of the ABAQUS Theory Manual.
Material points that satisfy a user-defined failure criterion can be deleted from the model (see “User-defined mechanical material behavior,” Section 12.8.1). You must specify the state variable number controlling the element deletion flag when you allocate space for the solution-dependent state variables, as explained in “User-defined mechanical material behavior,” Section 12.8.1. The deletion state variable should be set to a value of one or zero in VUMAT. A value of one indicates that the material point is active, while a value of zero indicates that ABAQUS/Explicit should delete the material point from the model by setting the stresses to zero. The structure of the block of material points passed to user subroutine VUMAT remains unchanged during the analysis; deleted material points are not removed from the block. ABAQUS/Explicit will pass zero stresses and strain increments for all deleted material points. Once a material point has been flagged as deleted, it cannot be reactivated.
subroutine vumat(
C Read only (unmodifiable)variables -
1 nblock, ndir, nshr, nstatev, nfieldv, nprops, lanneal,
2 stepTime, totalTime, dt, cmname, coordMp, charLength,
3 props, density, strainInc, relSpinInc,
4 tempOld, stretchOld, defgradOld, fieldOld,
5 stressOld, stateOld, enerInternOld, enerInelasOld,
6 tempNew, stretchNew, defgradNew, fieldNew,
C Write only (modifiable) variables -
7 stressNew, stateNew, enerInternNew, enerInelasNew )
C
include 'vaba_param.inc'
C
dimension props(nprops), density(nblock), coordMp(nblock,*),
1 charLength(nblock), strainInc(nblock,ndir+nshr),
2 relSpinInc(nblock,nshr), tempOld(nblock),
3 stretchOld(nblock,ndir+nshr),
4 defgradOld(nblock,ndir+nshr+nshr),
5 fieldOld(nblock,nfieldv), stressOld(nblock,ndir+nshr),
6 stateOld(nblock,nstatev), enerInternOld(nblock),
7 enerInelasOld(nblock), tempNew(nblock),
8 stretchNew(nblock,ndir+nshr),
8 defgradNew(nblock,ndir+nshr+nshr),
9 fieldNew(nblock,nfieldv),
1 stressNew(nblock,ndir+nshr), stateNew(nblock,nstatev),
2 enerInternNew(nblock), enerInelasNew(nblock),
C
character*80 cmname
C
do 100 km = 1,nblock
user coding
100 continue
return
endstressNew (nblock, ndir+nshr)
Stress tensor at each material point at the end of the increment.
stateNew (nblock, nstatev)
State variables at each material point at the end of the increment. You define the size of this array by allocating space for it (see “User subroutines: overview,” Section 25.1.1, for more information).
enerInternNew (nblock)
Internal energy per unit mass at each material point at the end of the increment.
enerInelasNew (nblock)
Dissipated inelastic energy per unit mass at each material point at the end of the increment.
nblock
Number of material points to be processed in this call to VUMAT.
ndir
Number of direct components in a symmetric tensor.
nshr
Number of indirect components in a symmetric tensor.
nstatev
Number of user-defined state variables that are associated with this material type (you define this as described in “Allocating space” in “User subroutines: overview,” Section 25.1.1).
nfieldv
Number of user-defined external field variables.
nprops
User-specified number of user-defined material properties.
lanneal
Flag indicating whether the routine is being called during an annealing process. lanneal=0 indicates that the routine is being called during a normal mechanics increment. lanneal=1 indicates that this is an annealing process and you should re-initialize the internal state variables, stateNew, if necessary. ABAQUS/Explicit will automatically set the stresses, stretches, and state to a value of zero during the annealing process.
stepTime
Value of time since the step began.
totalTime
Value of total time. The time at the beginning of the step is given by totalTime - stepTime.
dt
Time increment size.
cmname
User-specified material name, left justified. It is passed in as an upper-case character string. Some internal material models are given names starting with the “ABQ_” character string. To avoid conflict, you should not use “ABQ_” as the leading string for cmname.
coordMp(nblock,*)
Material point coordinates. It is the midplane material point for shell elements and the centroid for beam elements.
charLength(nblock)
Characteristic element length. This is a typical length of a line across an element. For beams and trusses, it is a characteristic length along the element axis. For membranes and shells, it is a characteristic length in the reference surface. For axisymmetric elements, it is a characteristic length in the 
–
plane only. For cohesive elements it is equal to the constitutive thickness.
props(nprops)
User-supplied material properties.
density(nblock)
Current density at the material points in the midstep configuration. This value may be inaccurate in problems where the volumetric strain increment is very small. If an accurate value of the density is required in such cases, the analysis should be run in double precision. This value of the density is not affected by mass scaling.
strainInc (nblock, ndir+nshr)
Strain increment tensor at each material point.
relSpinInc (nblock, nshr)
Incremental relative rotation vector at each material point defined in the corotational system. Defined as 
, where 
is the antisymmetric part of the velocity gradient, 
, and 
. Stored in 3-D as 
and in 2-D as 
.
tempOld(nblock)
Temperatures at each material point at the beginning of the increment.
stretchOld (nblock, ndir+nshr)
Stretch tensor, , at each material point at the beginning of the increment defined from the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient by 
.
defgradOld (nblock,ndir+2*nshr)
Deformation gradient tensor at each material point at the beginning of the increment. Stored in 3-D as (
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
) and in 2-D as (, , , , ).
fieldOld (nblock, nfieldv)
Values of the user-defined field variables at each material point at the beginning of the increment.
stressOld (nblock, ndir+nshr)
Stress tensor at each material point at the beginning of the increment.
stateOld (nblock, nstatev)
State variables at each material point at the beginning of the increment.
enerInternOld (nblock)
Internal energy per unit mass at each material point at the beginning of the increment.
enerInelasOld (nblock)
Dissipated inelastic energy per unit mass at each material point at the beginning of the increment.
tempNew(nblock)
Temperatures at each material point at the end of the increment.
stretchNew (nblock, ndir+nshr)
Stretch tensor, , at each material point at the end of the increment defined from the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient by .
defgradNew (nblock,ndir+2*nshr)
Deformation gradient tensor at each material point at the end of the increment. Stored in 3-D as (, , , , , , , , ) and in 2-D as (, , , , ).
fieldNew (nblock, nfieldv)
Values of the user-defined field variables at each material point at the end of the increment.
To use more than one user-defined material model, the variable cmname can be tested for different material names inside user subroutine VUMAT, as illustrated below:
if (cmname(1:4) .eq. 'MAT1') then call VUMAT_MAT1(argument_list) else if (cmname(1:4) .eq. 'MAT2') then call VUMAT_MAT2(argument_list) end ifVUMAT_MAT1 and VUMAT_MAT2 are the actual user material subroutines containing the constitutive material models for each material MAT1 and MAT2, respectively. Subroutine VUMAT merely acts as a directory here. The argument list can be the same as that used in subroutine VUMAT. The material names must be in upper case since cmname is passed in as an upper-case character string.
As a simple example of the coding of subroutine VUMAT, consider the generalized plane strain case for an elastic/plastic material with kinematic hardening. The basic assumptions and definitions of the model are as follows.
Let 
be the current value of the stress and define 
to be the deviatoric part of the stress. The center of the yield surface in deviatoric stress space is given by the tensor 
, which has initial values of zero. The stress difference, 
, is the stress measured from the center of the yield surface and is given by
is the uniaxial equivalent yield stress. The von Mises yield surface is a cylinder in deviatoric stress space with a radius of 
is a constant. The normal to the Mises yield surface can be written as 
We decompose the strain rate into an elastic and plastic part using an additive decomposition:
must be determined. A scalar measure of equivalent plastic strain rate is defined by 
and 
are the Lamés constants for the material.The evolution law for is given as
is the slope of the uniaxial yield stress versus plastic strain curve.During active plastic loading the stress must remain on the yield surface, so that
The equivalent plastic strain rate is related to 
by
The kinematic hardening constitutive model is integrated in a rate form as follows. A trial elastic stress is computed as
and 
refer to the beginning and end of the increment, respectively. If the trial stress does not exceed the yield stress, the new stress is set equal to the trial stress. If the yield stress is exceeded, plasticity occurs in the increment. We then write the incremental analogs of the rate equations as 
, 
, using the the yield condition at the end of the increment, and solving for 
: 
is used in the incremental equations to determine 
, 
, and 
.This algorithm is often referred to as an elastic predictor, radial return algorithm because the correction to the trial stress under the active plastic loading condition returns the stress state to the yield surface along the direction defined by the vector from the center of the yield surface to the elastic trial stress. The subroutine would be coded as follows:
subroutine vumat(
C Read only -
1 nblock, ndir, nshr, nstatev, nfieldv, nprops, lanneal,
2 stepTime, totalTime, dt, cmname, coordMp, charLength,
3 props, density, strainInc, relSpinInc,
4 tempOld, stretchOld, defgradOld, fieldOld,
3 stressOld, stateOld, enerInternOld, enerInelasOld,
6 tempNew, stretchNew, defgradNew, fieldNew,
C Write only -
5 stressNew, stateNew, enerInternNew, enerInelasNew )
C
include 'vaba_param.inc'
C
C J2 Mises Plasticity with kinematic hardening for plane
C strain case.
C Elastic predictor, radial corrector algorithm.
C
C The state variables are stored as:
C STATE(*,1) = back stress component 11
C STATE(*,2) = back stress component 22
C STATE(*,3) = back stress component 33
C STATE(*,4) = back stress component 12
C STATE(*,5) = equivalent plastic strain
C
C
C All arrays dimensioned by (*) are not used in this algorithm
dimension props(nprops), density(nblock),
1 coordMp(nblock,*),
2 charLength(*), strainInc(nblock,ndir+nshr),
3 relSpinInc(*), tempOld(*),
4 stretchOld(*), defgradOld(*),
5 fieldOld(*), stressOld(nblock,ndir+nshr),
6 stateOld(nblock,nstatev), enerInternOld(nblock),
7 enerInelasOld(nblock), tempNew(*),
8 stretchNew(*), defgradNew(*), fieldNew(*),
9 stressNew(nblock,ndir+nshr), stateNew(nblock,nstatev),
1 enerInternNew(nblock), enerInelasNew(nblock)
C
character*80 cmname
C
parameter( zero = 0., one = 1., two = 2., three = 3.,
1 third = one/three, half = .5, twoThirds = two/three,
2 threeHalfs = 1.5 )
C
e = props(1)
xnu = props(2)
yield = props(3)
hard = props(4)
C
twomu = e / ( one + xnu )
thremu = threeHalfs * twomu
sixmu = three * twomu
alamda = twomu * ( e - twomu ) / ( sixmu - two * e )
term = one / ( twomu * ( one + hard/thremu ) )
con1 = sqrt( twoThirds )
C
do 100 i = 1,nblock
C
C Trial stress
trace = strainInc(i,1) + strainInc(i,2) + strainInc(i,3)
sig1 = stressOld(i,1) + alamda*trace + twomu*strainInc(i,1)
sig2 = stressOld(i,2) + alamda*trace + twomu*strainInc(i,2)
sig3 = stressOld(i,3) + alamda*trace + twomu*strainInc(i,3)
sig4 = stressOld(i,4) + twomu*strainInc(i,4)
C
C Trial stress measured from the back stress
s1 = sig1 - stateOld(i,1)
s2 = sig2 - stateOld(i,2)
s3 = sig3 - stateOld(i,3)
s4 = sig4 - stateOld(i,4)
C
C Deviatoric part of trial stress measured from the back stress
smean = third * ( s1 + s2 + s3 )
ds1 = s1 - smean
ds2 = s2 - smean
ds3 = s3 - smean
C
C Magnitude of the deviatoric trial stress difference
dsmag = sqrt( ds1**2 + ds2**2 + ds3**2 + 2.*s4**2 )
C
C Check for yield by determining the factor for plasticity,
C zero for elastic, one for yield
radius = con1 * yield
facyld = zero
if( dsmag - radius .ge. zero ) facyld = one
C
C Add a protective addition factor to prevent a divide by zero
C when dsmag is zero. If dsmag is zero, we will not have exceeded
C the yield stress and facyld will be zero.
dsmag = dsmag + ( one - facyld )
C
C Calculated increment in gamma (this explicitly includes the
C time step)
diff = dsmag - radius
dgamma = facyld * term * diff
C
C Update equivalent plastic strain
deqps = con1 * dgamma
stateNew(i,5) = stateOld(i,5) + deqps
C
C Divide dgamma by dsmag so that the deviatoric stresses are
C explicitly converted to tensors of unit magnitude in the
C following calculations
dgamma = dgamma / dsmag
C
C Update back stress
factor = hard * dgamma * twoThirds
stateNew(i,1) = stateOld(i,1) + factor * ds1
stateNew(i,2) = stateOld(i,2) + factor * ds2
stateNew(i,3) = stateOld(i,3) + factor * ds3
stateNew(i,4) = stateOld(i,4) + factor * s4
C
C Update the stress
factor = twomu * dgamma
stressNew(i,1) = sig1 - factor * ds1
stressNew(i,2) = sig2 - factor * ds2
stressNew(i,3) = sig3 - factor * ds3
stressNew(i,4) = sig4 - factor * s4
C
C Update the specific internal energy -
stressPower = half * (
1 ( stressOld(i,1)+stressNew(i,1) )*strainInc(i,1)
1 + ( stressOld(i,2)+stressNew(i,2) )*strainInc(i,2)
1 + ( stressOld(i,3)+stressNew(i,3) )*strainInc(i,3)
1 + two*( stressOld(i,4)+stressNew(i,4) )*strainInc(i,4) )
C
enerInternNew(i) = enerInternOld(i)
1 + stressPower / density(i)
C
C Update the dissipated inelastic specific energy -
smean = third * ( stressNew(i,1) + stressNew(i,2)
1 + stressNew(i,3) )
equivStress = sqrt( threeHalfs *
1 ( (stressNew(i,1)-smean)**2
1 + (stressNew(i,2)-smean)**2
1 + (stressNew(i,3)-smean)**2
1 + two * stressNew(i,4)**2 ) )
plasticWorkInc = equivStress * deqps
enerInelasNew(i) = enerInelasOld(i)
1 + plasticWorkInc / density(i)
100 continue
C
return
end